My Life as a Teenage Mother essays

My Life as a Teenage Mother articles Hello there! My name is Karina Rosales I am 22 years of age and I am an adolescent parent. I was 13 years of age when I discovered I was pregnant. From the start I was trying to claim ignorance until a pregnancy test affirmed it. I was unable to accept what that pregnancy test said in light of the fact that I never wanted to be pregnant or had even idea of. I generally thought being youthful and pregnant couldnt transpire; additionally I had little data about how to forestall pregnancy and even less about being a parent. At the point when I told my mom that I was pregnant, she was in stun - she couldnt trust it. In the end, she acknowledged what was going on and was there to help me. My dad, in any case, didn't address me when he discovered. I kept on going to class as an eighth grade understudy at Spring Woods Middle School. I was the main pregnant eighth grader and different understudies gazed at me and that caused me to feel dismal. At the point when I was around seven months pregnant I needed to leave school since I got wiped out from my pregnancy, so I went to a school that I could go to just two days per week. At long last, I started giving birth on Tuesday, January 29, 2003. I was in extreme agony so I concluded the time had come to go to the medical clinic. At 9am, my mom got me from my beaus house and took me to the medical clinic. At the point when I showed up at the medical clinic, the torment had deteriorated I was in so much torment that everything I could do was cry. The medical caretakers checked me in and found that I was 5cm expanded. An hour passed and I was prepared to get an epidural to help facilitate the torment. Conceiving an offspring was one of the most troublesome things I have ever done. My child, Ruth Michelle Perez was conceived on January 30, 2003 at 1:03pm. Her father was not at the birth since he was in school and he didnt see her until she was seven days old. Time has passed and I've had two additional children. I was just 15 and I had three kids. In the event that you ask me for what good reason I had more kids, my answer would be, 'I dont know'. Perhaps it was on the grounds that I survived an... <!

Great Literature - Some Things Never Change :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Extraordinary Literature - Some Things Never Change Extraordinary writing is a book or bit of writing that goes through the ages and permits the peruser to relate to the characters. Another component that makes extraordinary writing are ethics that fit with each passing age. The last component of incredible writing is courage. A case of writing that goes through the ages is Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. By not appending current generalizations and guidelines to characters, Holden Caulfield is an ageless character. Every age that has perused the book has had the option to relate to his tricks. Lashing out at his educators and expecting various characters to fit in is a typical thing among teenagers. Expounding on issues that standard individuals experience is another way writing goes starting with one age then onto the next. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a kid's battle against society's measures. Most youngsters oppose society and any type of power. Fleeing from home and issues is an idea most young people consider. Ethics that go starting with one age then onto the next are significant in writing. A scholarly model is The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne. The vast majority of the ethics contained in the book are strict. Being dedicated to a life partner has consistently been a significant good, particularly in Puritan New England where infidelity was considered as horrifying as murder. Indeed, even idea two-timing life partners aren't looked downward on now as seriously as in Puritan New England, it is one thing that is still instructed reliably in chapel and in the home as being awful. Another scholarly model is The Odyssey by Homer. Progressively chivalrous and dedicated ethics are introduced in the epic sonnet. Try sincerely and you will acquire what you need or want and cooperative attitude consistently triumph over malevolence are the primary ethics in the epic sonnet. The last component that makes extraordinary writing is valor. Despite the fact that the character might be battling old divine beings, devils, beasts, or their own predetermination, a peruser can downsize the size of the battle and apply it to their life.

Essay Examples Quotations

Essay Examples QuotationsA group of fifth graders in a school in South Carolina recently came up with an idea for a video that went viral on the internet. The students asked their teacher if they could create a documentary about their school. Their teacher told them no because they had already covered all the bases in the school year, and they were too old to create another one for next year. To this point, a group of fifth graders had created a number of different video ideas for a school year and now they wanted to do it all over again in the following year.The school used fifth graders as essays samples quotations, which is a great way to set your standards and goals. It's important to learn how to write a fantastic essay by hand and in your own style. This way you can always come up with a personal essay that fits into the style and needs of your classmates. In the process of doing so, you will be able to get yourself in position to accept any assignment that comes your way.Be aw are that the more personal you get, the more chance there is that the other students will be able to see through it. First of all, don't give away too much in the essay sample quotations. Remember, it's just for you. If you're telling too much about yourself, then your classmates might think that you're not that comfortable in front of your peers. In order to keep your personality and style, keep your essays samples quotations short and simple.The best way to begin is to begin by choosing a quote that speaks to you personally. Then get to work! Of course, your school requires that you start from the top. Therefore, you must begin from the end and create your quote from the bottom up.Always keep in mind that every assignment you get for the rest of the school year will take you down a new path of creativity. For example, if you're writing about who or what is the most popular person in the class, you will never be able to compare the works of Shakespeare with the works of Shakespeare . You are in a position of being very creative, however. Try to find something to write about that you love and is going to provide you with more than just a simple task.Being able to create a personal essay about something you really care about is a great way to show your classmates how to write a personal essay. Once you have a personal interest that you are passionate about, be sure to tell them. Instead of telling them about yourself, be sure to show them about themselves. Of course, you will want to tell them as much as possible, but tell them you care.Getting students involved is a great way to get your grades up and your student body healthy. If your teacher tells you that you need to write a sample essay about a certain topic, or if you simply feel like it, take the initiative and go ahead and do it. Regardless of the material, you will be able to discuss it with your classmates and show them how to write a personal essay. If you need to ask permission to include a quote, as k your teacher and look up quotations in your assigned books.The fifth grade essay samples quotations will help you throughout the remainder of the school year. They can either be included as a part of your final paper or as an option for the essay, you'll be required to do for the next school year. If you decide to use them as an option, be sure to be creative in your writing and use quotes from real life examples. This will help you become a better writer, and as such, improve your own academic record.

Appealing Financial Aid Special Circumstances

HomeFinancial aidCollege Financial Aid Costs and StatsFilling Out a Special Circumstances Form To Appeal Financial AidThis page may contain affiliate links.Oct 15, 2019Writing a financial aid appeal letter can be intimidating. However, schools have a form known as the Special Circumstances Form already in place to give families a place to describe special circumstances that affect their ability to pay for college. The form should be used to describe anything that has changed financially, from one year to the next, and anything that distinguishes the family from the typical family such as death of a parental wage earner, medical expenses, elder care costs, recent unemployment and more. Here’s what you need to know about the form: What is a Special Circumstances Form? The Special Circumstances Form simply asks for the reason why you feel what you listed on the FAFSA or CSS Profile doesn’t represent your full financial situation. It’s available from financial aid offices and can give you a chance to tell the rest of your financial story that may not be accurate reflected by the questions on FAFSA. These details can be an income change, a new child, a sibling of the student who wasn’t going to go to college and since has enrolled, caregiving costs for an elderly grandparent, and unforeseen or really high medical expenses. Expenses required for a disabled child would go into this category, too. You’ll list your reason in just two to three sentences and submit it back to the college. It’s a simple appeal that will be rejected or denied based on what’s stated on the form. Some forms don’t have you write anything at all. You can just fill in the bubble next to the reason you’re requesting the review. Are All Colleges the Same? The forms can differ quite a bit in both the format and what reasons are considered based on the college. Read the page on the school website to get instructions for the form and also an idea of what the school considers special circumstances to be. For example,Duke University has a very specific list of what reasons they will and won’t accept, such as support of multiple households for a grandparent or parents who are separated), parents’ student loan debt, and funeral expenses that are at least five percent of total family income. Moving costs are also an expense they want to know about. For job loss, Duke specifies Job loss/termination, Wage/salary reduction, and Mandatory furlough as reasons they accept for review. But it differs greatly from college to college. A member of our PayingForCollege101 Facebook group quit her job to return to college, and as a result, her income was reduced. She filled out the form and told us her college accepted her financial aid appeal. Other schools also accept reductions in income from a business as a potential reason for appealing a financial aid award. Types of Verification That May be Required Verification varies based on why you are appealing financial aid. If there has been a decrease in income, verification can be a layoff letter, bank statements, or a tax return that’s more recent than what’s required by the FAFSA or CSS Profile. Your school may specify what they need. For medical or family expenses that have already happened, you can provide bill statements that were paid, etc. For future medical expenses, you can get a doctor’s or insurance letter for what expenses you may incur in the near future. Bottom line: You’re probably going to need some proof. Do your best to provide the most accurate form of evidence that your financial circumstances are different than what was reported on the FAFSA or CSS Profile. Quick tips for filling out special circumstances forms Decide whether you have a circumstance where you need one. Examples: income change or medical or family expense not reported on the FAFSA or CSS Profile. Read the form from the college you are submitting it to very carefully. Each college could have its own list of situations they will and won’t consider for a financial aid review. Don’t expect to provide long explanations. One or two sentences per situation or expense is sufficient. Sometimes, you just fill in a bubble. Do expect to provide some sort of verification. Filling out special circumstances forms when your economic situation changes neednt be stressful. As long as you have a legitimate reason for a financial aid appeal and the proper paperwork, you should feel confident that the college will take everything you offer into consideration.

Hs2 - Environmental Impact Assessment Report - 1906 Words

High Speed 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Report Introduction Environmental Impact Assessment is very advanced process of forecasting influence on environment of planned operation, in this case- High Speed 2. It is crucial to do EIA before any construction works commence, it will allow designers to change or improve the project in order to minimise negative consequences of it. This paper include analyse of main environmental issues, such as: impact on agriculture, forestry and soils; air quality; climate, community, cultural heritage, ecology, land quality, visual effects, noise/vibration, waste material resources and water resources/ flood risk. Abstract Environmental impact assessment is the formal mechanism used to†¦show more content†¦To decide which of procedures is the most relevant to particular environmental effect- professional judgment must be made. Afterwards, draft of Environmental Statement can be prepared and publicly consulted. Then final version of ES can be formed. Environmental impact: EIA covers all issues listed below: Agriculture, Forestry and Soils: such as: farming and other rural enterprises, farm buildings, related land use and woodland planting, ancient woodlands; The designers assures, that good quality agricultural soil will be stripped prior to construction and stored appropriately for future use. Owners and operators of affected agricultural holdings will be entitled to receive compensation for any losses that HS2 will cause. Air Quality: this section applies to dust and emissions/pollutants related to construction and operational traffic. Inventors guaranteed that the railway will operate efficient, non-polluting (at source) electrically powered trains to minimise air pollution. Community: general effects on residential property, community facilities and communities as a whole: e.g. effects on public footpaths, bridleways, parks and gardens. Temporary presence of construction workers; All homes which are located close to the planned route have already lost 40 per cent of their value, some of them will be demolished due to the project, but the HS2 Ltd. assures that allShow MoreRelatedNetwork Tunnel Rail Link Between Britain And Continental Europe3073 Words   |  13 PagesBritain’s first high speed railway was completed on time and within Budget, This project was initially known as ‘Channel tunnel Rail link’ and renamed HS1 in November 2006. HS1 runs at a speed of 300km/h between the channel tunnel and London. In this report, the writer will be discussing the various management features of the HS1 and analyzing the management of the programme. Objective of HS1 Program To develop a national railway system effectively, it is essential to establish what it was intended toRead MoreProject Management Theory Essay4267 Words   |  18 PagesNorth West of England initially with the intention of expanding further north. The reason for this report is to evaluate three variation requests made to the High Speed Two project. The three requests are, first, a variation to the original route to take in more of Oxfordshire, second is to add a station in Madeley and third is a change of supplier. After completing the evaluation of the changes, the report is going to be presented to a Change Committee. Each change is evaluated through the analysisRead MoreGlobal Company Analysis of the Hornby Group3430 Words   |  14 PagesHornby America. Affiliate corporate website. (2012). . Hornby UK website About Us. Department of Transport. High Speed Rail: Investing in Britains Future Decisions and Next Steps. Report to Parliament, Secretary of State for Transport. http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/hs2-decisions-and-next-steps/hs2-decisions-and-next-steps.pdf. Encyclopedia Britannica CD. Transportation: The future of railroads. (1995) . Chris Carol. The History and Future of Railroads. AARP. Author Speaks.Read MoreCNPC CSR report25861 Words   |  104 Pages2012 Corporate Social Responsibility Report China National Petroleum Corporation About the Report This is China National Petroleum Corporation’s seventh annual Corporate Social Responsibility Report since 2006. This report accurately represents what we did in 2012 to honor our commitments to the economy, the environment and society. It is important that we provide the following information: Reporting company: China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) Alternative reference: China National

Genetically Modified Foods Is Not All People Support Their...

The world is fast changing and with every new day, many things are being introduced to us with the aim of making our lives easier, so I hear. Technology tops that list, closely followed by the availability of fast foods across the world. These fast foods are mainly made from inorganic foods, commonly known as GM foods (genetically modified foods). This does not mean that fast foods are the only type of foods made from GMO (genetically modified organisms). Other foods also like tomatoes, potatoes, corn and various fruits are also as a result of genetic engineering. I shall argue that it is important to label genetically modified foods as not all people support their existence. Genetically modified foods refer to the kind of foods that are usually produced from organisms that have undergone specific alterations introduced into their DNA through genetic engineering (UK GM Science Review Report, July 2003). The techniques employed in genetic engineering, allows the introduction of new characters as well as massive control over these characters compared to methods such as mutation or selective breeding. Most GM foods are made for commercial sale purposes. This commercial sale of GM foods dates back to 1994. Whether genetically modified foods should be labeled is a question that lingers in the minds of many. This is because recent studies that are being carried out reveal that not all people think that GM foods are safe for human consumption. Personally, I fall under thatShow MoreRelatedDangers of Genetically Modified Foods1088 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically modified foods are a very dangerous and wasteful process that is given too much thought. This includes allergic reactions to possible intestinal damage, many people want to avoid genetically modified foods because of animal studies that have shown changes in internal cell formation, unusual tumor development, and unanticipated passing of life that have occurred, as well as altered the number of cells that regulated the immune system for the body. Research has shown that a growth inRead MoreThomas Malthus : The Principle Of Population843 Words   |  4 Pageswage rates, but most notably to modern economics and population observa tion, Thomas Malthus found that food production tends to increase arithmetically; while, population size tends to increase at a geometric (or exponential) rate (Malthus, 1798). From his findings, Malthus purported the demise of mankind would come from the ‘misery and vice’ (conflict) resulting from not-having-enough food to support a rapidly growing population. He believed, without some mechanism (economic choice) humanity would notRead MoreEssay about Should Genetic Engineering Be Controlled by Law?992 Words   |  4 Pagescheck. Laws should control genetic engineering by prohibiting human cloning and animal cloning and labeling the genetically modified food . Laws should prohibit human cloning, embryonic stem cell research, or manipulating with the human DNA concerning life spam or age. The reason for this prohibition is the protection of mankind’s dignity, uniqueness, and his existence. In the United Nations General Assembly’s 59th meeting, most of the UN countries voted that human cloning shouldRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) Labeling Legislation Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagesbars federal courts from being able to halt the sale or planting of controversial genetically modified (aka GMO) or genetically engineered (GE) seeds, no matter what health issues may arise concerning GMOs in the future† (â€Å"5 Appalling Facts†)? Genetic engineering allows genetic material to be transferred between any organism, including between plants and animals. Genetically modified foods have been in existence since the early 1990s and they are not going away any time soon. In the European UnionRead MoreThe Many Faces Of Food1140 Words   |  5 PagesFaces of Food Genetic modification sciences (particularly Animal cloning sciences) are relatively new sciences that remain understudied. Yet, there are many that claim genetically modified foods are just as safe as the foods we consume today. Original Topic: Genetically Modified Foods; Safe or Unsafe? Current Topic: No change needed References Pro-argument Category 2: Freeman, David. Truth about Genetically Modified Food Category 2: Oxford Journal. The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods ProducedRead Moreâ€Å"Challenges And Risks Of Genetically Engineered Organisms†.1655 Words   |  7 Pagesand Risks of Genetically Engineered Organisms†. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2004. I found this book through IUCAT and it is available as an online resource. This book was written and published as the result of an OECD, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Workshop on Challenges and Risks of - What Risk Analysis is Appropriate? Options for Future Policy Making Towards Integrated Agro-Food Systems. This book covers a wide variety of risks associated with genetically engineering ourRead MoreA Research On Genetic Modification1260 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1989, the year Japanese company Showa Denko attempted to produce tryptophan, a food supplement, more efficiently by genetically modifying a natural bacteria. Unexpectedly, a toxic substance inside the tryptophan formed, causing five thousand people to became ill, fifteen hundred to become permanently disabled, and thirty-seven to die. This tragic event is one of many issues that sparks the continuous debate on genetic modification, which concerns the purposes, benefits, and dangers of modifyingRe ad MoreGenetically Modified Foods : The Tomato, Hit The Markets1900 Words   |  8 Pagescommercially presented genetically modified food, the tomato, hit the markets in the United States. These genetically modified tomatoes are known as crops created for humans or animals to consume by using the latest molecular biology techniques. The process of it is very simple. The geneticist will need to find the desired gene in an existing organism first. Then the geneticist will cut out the desired gene, relocate it to the intended plant that will be genetically modified, and paste the desiredRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1559 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we hear the phrase genetically modified organisms, we may automatically picture scientists in white lab coats, with gloves, and testing equipment. All of them working diligently in a brightly lit room with a cold, hospital like feel. What if I told you that humans have been modifying organisms since developed agriculture came into existence? An example of this is corn. It grows naturally in North America. However, if you take a trip to any western European countryside and you will find fieldsRead MoreThe Age Of Genetic Engineering And Discovery1773 Words   |  8 PagesEvery mother wants to feed her children the best food possible. Every father wants to see his kids grow up strong. Chefs want their food to have the most memorable, unique, and pleasing taste. Food companies want their products to have the highest satisfaction rate and longest shelf life possible. It seems that, as a society, we should be striving to attain the optimal status of food production and preparation – we have done so for years, through technological advances in refrigeration, storage,

The Day of the Jackal Essay Example For Students

The Day of the Jackal Essay The Day of the Jackal:This book, a suspenseful narrative by Frederick Forsyth had its origin by means of the observations he made as a Reuters correspondent in Paris. The basics of this plot are very simple, one man wants to kill de Gaulle, and another man wants to stop him. The Day of the Jackal begins as Charles de Gaulles grants Algeria their independence, by means of this decision he creates a certain political tension in France. To avenge what they regard as a betrayal, leaders of the OAS (Organisation de lArmee Secrete) plot de Gaulles death. After several attempts on de Gaulles life all resulting in failure, the OAS decides it is time to hire a killer at the top of his profession, a man known as the Jackal. He is a tall, blond Englishman with opaque, gray eyes. A man, whose mission is so secret not even his employers know his name, an assassin with a contract to kill Charles de Gaulle, the worlds most heavily guarded man. Although the Jackal is not aware, his main obstacle is a simple policeman, Deputy Commissaire Claude Lebel. Some consider him among the best detectives in France, but he himself cannot feel much confidence due to the fact of knowing that his objective is to track down a killer that has no identity what so ever. But the assistance given to Lebel from police all over the world, slowly allows him to piece together the Jackals image in time to prevent this international incident. In this book we follow the Jackals meticulous planning step by step. The intelligence of the Jackal leaves me perplexed, the way he is able to avoid being captured and how he devises his brilliant plan by means of theft of passaports, forgery of documents and a great alternation of identities. All in all, The Day of the Jackal is a masterpiece of suspense.

Undercover Angel Follow Your Angel in Disguise

Krangle, Jodi. A Muse’s Interview with Songwriter, Alan O’Day. The Muse’s Muse, n.d. There is nothing like learning the facts about a certain work of art from the author, and the given source offers the pleasure in ample amount. In the interview, O’Day answers a number of questions concerning both his life and sources of inspiration; briefly mentioning Undercover Angel, the artist explains what stands behind the song.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Undercover Angel: Follow Your Angel in Disguise specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More O’Day, Alan. Alan O’Day. Utopia Artists, n.d. As a rule, biographies are written log after the author’s death and by the least concerned people; thankfully, this is not the case with the source mentioned above. Written by Alan himself, the biography of the artist surely does not cover the entire life track, yet touches upon a number of peculiar aspects that would have definitely slipped the attention of a typical biography writer. O’Day, Alan. Personal Thoughts Pics. Alan O’Day, n.d. Sharing his memories, ideas, and a couple of family pictures, the author allows the audience to see behind his stage image and understand the way he creates songs. Though leaving â€Å"Undercover Angel† out of the frame and focusing rather on the process of songs creation, â€Å"Personal Thoughts Pics† makes it possible to peek into the world ay lives in and see what makes him create. Seida, Linda. Alan O’Day. Biography. All Music, 2012. A more detailed description of Day’s life, the biography written by Seida helps to take a more detailed look at the life of the artist and understand what events could have led him to writing â€Å"Undercover Angel† as well as dive deeper into the meaning the song is meant to convey. It is important that Seida, unlike the rest of the auth ors, focuses on such aspect as the relationships of O’Day and the recording company. Leaving the family and personal life issues aside, Seida offers what is really essential for evaluating O’Day’s work, i.e., the factual information. Undercover Angel – Alan O’Day. Top One Hit Wonders, 2010. The last, but definitely to the least, this short story is crucial to the given paper, because it sheds the light on the song itself. Unlike the rest of the sources, which describe mostly the author, leaving readers to guess what made him write the song and what its context is, the given source describes Undercover Angel in details, which helps to analyze the song. Works Cited Krangle, Jodi.  Ã‚  A Muse’s Interview with Songwriter, Alan O’Day. The Muse’s Muse, n.d., http://www.musesmuse.com/int-alanoday.html. O’Day, Alan. Alan O’Day. Utopia Artists, n.d., https://utopiaartists.com/.Advertising Looking for annotated bibli ography on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More O’Day, Alan. Personal Thoughts Pics. Alan O’Day, n.d., http://www.alanoday.com/. Seida, Linda.  Alan O’Day. Biography. All Music, 2012, https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alan-oday-mn0000508449. Undercover Angel – Alan O’Day.   Top One Hit Wonders, 2010. Web. This annotated bibliography on Undercover Angel: Follow Your Angel in Disguise was written and submitted by user Joslyn Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Financial Accounting by Dr. Ebenezer

Financial Accounting by Dr. Ebenezer Discoveries, Revelations and Impressions A presentation concerning accounting and finances was provided by Dr. Ebenezer. In his presentation, Dr. Ebenezer provided a brief overview of the phenomenon of financial accounting, as well as the process known as operational accounting. The presented identified the key functions of FA and the means of carrying out the procedure within an organisation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Financial Accounting by Dr. Ebenezer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though the issues related to finances and accounting are traditionally perceived as â€Å"dry,† the lecture provided by Dr. Ebenezer seemed really enthralling to me. I was literally captured by the new and exciting facts about the phenomenon of accounting, the possibilities that it opens for a businessman, and the benefits that a company may obtain with the choice of a proper accounting strategy. Particularly, the fact that financial accounting is opposed to operational accounting was quite a surprise for me. Before reading the lecture, I had no idea that the concept of FA had any phenomenon to oppose it to begin with. The resulting discovery of to two phenomena and the way, in which they completed the concept of accounting, made me feel that eventually some light has been shed on the issue. The consequences of understanding the specified detail are beyond impressive – by using only FA in my practice, I would suffer considerable losses because of the lack of focus on the internal users1. The idea of taking huge losses, which may even exceed an organisation’s revenues (e.g., around $ 500,000 from the lack of attention to the knowledge management issues), literally made be relieved that I have acquired this essential piece of information. The concept of financial accounting can be related to the Positive Accounting Theory. Allowing for an identification of the methods of acco unting that lead to maximising the company’s profits, the specified theory strikes me as truly brilliant. Suggested in 1990s as the means to explore the methods of accounting further and increase revenues, the specified theory, in fact, allows for improving the performance of a company to an impressive extent. The theory in question seems especially viable once the material covered in the lecture is integrated into it. Indeed, by including both the processes related to the financial transactions, and the ones that concern organisational behaviour, into the accounting strategy, one will be able to predict the efficacy of specific actions taken by the company with huge precision.2Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The presentation in question has clearly affected my decision-making strategies. Impressed beyond belief by the information concerning two types of accounting, I will necessarily make sure that the methods for both are well developed in the organisation that I will work for. The possibilities, which the use of efficient accounting strategies with regard to the two accounting types opens, enthral me, and I feel very enthusiastic about my future professional progress. Though the challenges, which I may face in the course of these strategies implementation, frighten me and make me feel somewhat uncertain, I am positively sure that I will be able to come up with a viable approach for addressing them. I have strong doubts that the two types of accounting described in the lecture occur in reality in a manner just as distinctive and obvious as Dr. Ebenezer represents them in his lecture; nevertheless, the fact that I already know so much about the financial issues in general and the process of accounting in particular fills me with hope for achieving success. Bibliography Ebenezer, S. â€Å"ChE 423 Process Economics Managem ent. Introduction to Financial Accounting.† Presentation for Project Management Decision Analysis School of Chemical Petroleum Engineering, 2014. Mourik, Carien van and ‎Peter Walton. The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation. New York, NY: Routledge, 2013. Footnotes 1. S. Ebenezer, â€Å"ChE 423 Process Economics Management. Introduction to Financial Accounting† (presentation, Project Management Decision Analysis School of Chemical Petroleum Engineering, 2014). 2. Carien van Mourik and ‎Peter Walton, The Routledge Companion to Accounting, Reporting and Regulation (New York, NY: Routledge, 2013), p. 104.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Financial Accounting by Dr. Ebenezer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Financing and Structuring Health care Research Paper

Financing and Structuring Health care - Research Paper Example how the patents will pay for the healthcare extended to them, what they will pay for the healthcare services consumed by them, and the range of options and innovations that could be facilitated to the ailing in the sphere of healthcare payments (Walshe, 2006, p. 34). In that context, a thorough understanding of the American healthcare system will be partial, if it is devoid of an understanding of the related financing mechanisms. Health insurance, health coverage, or healthcare coverage is the term used in the United States of America to refer to any program that helps the patients pay for the healthcare services and products used by them during the course of their treatment. Considering the fact that USA is a land of diversity, there exist varied types of health insurance types to suit the needs and aspirations of diverse types of individuals and groups. For what is health insurance but a risk coverage mechanism to assure that individuals and their families have access to quality and timely healthcare. The three main types of health insurance prevalent in the United States of America are individual health insurance, group health insurance and state sponsored health insurance (Green & Rowell, 2010). Individual health insurance covers the healthcare needs of the primary policy holder and one’s family (Green & Rowell, 2010). As the policy holder is required is required to pay for such type of insurance, it happens to be the costliest type of health insurance. Some of the benefits offered by the individual health insurance policies are personalized healthcare, tax exemptions, and a smooth continuation of the insurance plan, as long as the premiums are paid without default (Green & Rowell, 2010). Group health insurance happens to be the most preferred type of insurance. It is also known as the employer sponsored health insurance. In group health insurance, an individual and one’s family accrues the insurance benefits by the virtue of one’s employment (Green &

Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Early Year's Education Provision Essay

Social and Cultural Factors Affecting Early Year's Education Provision in UK - Essay Example In practice, United Kingdom’s education system has a holistic purpose. United Kingdom’s education curriculum states that education is a conventional process in which the society intentionally channels its amassed dexterity, skills, knowledge, values and customs from one coeval to the other. Education is one of the fundamental units for an individual’s development and immiseration reduction. For the child to learn effectively, there are various factors that need to be weighed and evaluated (Hodgeson & Spours, 2008, p. 12). Children surrounded by a strong learning environment that is supportive and informative improve on their educational improvement. When considering the role of education and the desired goal and the result, it is necessary to observe where the current education system stands and the effects that have impacted upon it (Hodgeson & Spours, 2008, p. 20). Students exposed to underprivileged, and poor educational surrounding are at a high peril of a ne gative learning effect. United Kingdom has distinct metropolitan boroughs. Each borough has a different social set up. This paper will focus on Barking and Dagenham borough. The fact that children are particularly vulnerable makes early childhood education accomplishment a rough and tough experience. This is because there are social, cultural and economic factors that affect the provision of early childhood education. ... In adapting to the environment, the child assimilates and accommodates the new experiences within her or himself. Social factors are the elements within the society or social environment (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 25). These elements include family, locality, political system, mobility rate and the child’s relations. Barking and Dagenham borough has a high number of educational institutions and a high number of learned and affluent adults. It is one of the most developing metropolitan boroughs in the region. Barking and Dagenham borough consists of affluent families and learned adults. A family is a social unit where related people live together. It can either affect early year’s education of a child positively or negatively (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 30). Relatively, a parent’s education will affect the child’s education. An affluent parent has a high consideration for education and sets academic goals for the child. The educated parent has a higher access to e ducational resources for the child. A child with either one of the parents as a doctor or an engineer is motivated to attain a higher education level than the parent (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 38). A community with educated and learned parents, such as Barking and Dagenham community will have a higher demand for education. From this fact, we can conclude that the parent's level of education in Barking and Dagenham determines a child’s early education provision in a given society or community. The family environment affects a child’s education (Pugh & Duffy, 2006, p. 45). From various studies conducted by the not-for-profit organizations across all the boroughs, most of families are peaceful, and cases of family violence are minimal. A peaceful

Looking for Alibrandi essay Essay Example for Free

Looking for Alibrandi essay Essay Essay question: Family has a strong influence on our lives. It affects the way we view ourselves and those around us. How has family influenced Josephine and what impact does it have?Family is one of our main influences in our lives, although we are not always aware of it. It shapes the people we are and the choices we make in our lives. In the text Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta, Josephine Alibrandi is seeking to be free from the world and its misunderstood societal regulations throughout her twelfth year of high school the year of change and new ways of thinking. Throughout her journey, her family influences her way of thinking. She grows and learns through family and structure, accepting her Italian heritage and family members. Family shows who she is, and by accepting that, Josie is able to live freely to the life she dreamed of, although not in the way she originally expected. Throughout the book, family influences Josephine to reach her goal of emancipation, creating a connected family and a liberated perspective on life. Throughout the book, Josies way of thinking changes immensely, from negativity towards her family and culture, to a new understanding and perspective towards life. This is the effect from family, personal experiences, and sharing truths and feelings. Which teaches Josie how she feels about her culture, family and find the part of herself which is embedded in her family. Showing that her family influences and changes the way she feels about life and gives her a new perspective towards it. As the book progresses, Josephine learns to appreciate family the sacrifices they make her, her Italian heritage and the community of family. Josie became respectful and thankful towards her family as apposed to resentful, because they loved her and her individuality. This has influenced Josie to learn her own truths, make her own rules and way of life, but most importantly, to figure out where her place in life is, I know where my place in life is. Its not where the Seras or the Carlys of the world have slotted me†¦ Im an Australian with Italian blood flowing rapidly through my veins. Ill say that with pride, because its pride that I feel. (page 259). Once Josie realises that her family had confided with her and had sacrificed all these things for her and the Alibrandi/Andretti name, she took action, to change her life for herself and her family, to be a better person. A lot has  changed at home†¦ Maybe because Ive changed. (page 259), this shows that from what her family has taught her, Josephine has changed for the better. Maybe not in the way she expected to, but in the way she can learn to accept herself and her family, which has changed her family life to a more loving, excepting community. Every family has structure, just like Josephines family. Josephines family has a very significant structure, which is generally influenced by their Italian culture and society, making them blind to Josephines way of life, They stifle me with their rules and regulations they have bought with them from Europe, but they havent changed with the times†¦ Theres always someone I have to respect. (p40). This indicates that Josies family is stuck in the old Italian ways, so ignorant and stubborn. Expecting respect even though they have done nothing but age, I am an old woman now and I deserve respect. (p36). This is why Josie dislikes the culture and traditions, because she feels that those traditions are what hold her down and not let her live the free life she dreams of. But through experiences and feel she can not do anything that she wants with her life, her family will always look down upon her, only remembering the bad things and they will always talk, no matter what which is what Josie learns to accept †¦I think that if I lived like a saint and walked with two feet in one shoe; If I wore the clothes of St Francis of Assisi and suffered like a martyr; if I lived by the rules and never committed a sin, people would still talk. Because human nature. Theyll always, like me, find someone to talk about. (p261). Culture and its traditions is another thing Josies family is buried in, which brings Josie down with it as well, Josie: Culture is nailed into you so deep you cant escape it. (p175). All this is what holds Josie down from being free and doing what she wants. Family in Josephines life is what influences Josie to who she is and what decisions and actions she makes. Even though her family is who she thinks has trapped her life and social standing under the floor, Josie can not help the fact that family and culture and traditions and wealth is what makes Josie the person she is. And it is not until she realises this is when her emancipation can happen. I just sat there thinking back on the year and I  realised that I was emancipated long ago†¦ I remember feeling socially out of it at St. Marthas, yet when the†¦ walk-a-thon happened, I realised I wasnt. I thought my birth circumstances were a cross Id bear for the rest of my life, but†¦ it had never been my cross. I had only made it mine. (p258) Josie feels emancipated because she had taken the time to reflect back and look at the bigger picture. She realised that she didnt care what people though of her anymore because what difference is it really going to make in her life. Josie will always be Josie, and no matter how much others disagree it cant change her, You cant hate what you are a part of. What you are. (p152). Her family will always be the ones who she will look up to, And I cried because I was loved by two of the strongest women I would ever meet in my lifetime. (p226) These strong characteristics are what have influenced Josie the most to stand up for herself and be strong for herself. You know a wonderful thing happened to me when I reflected back on my year. One day came. Because I finally understood. (p261), throughout her journey Josie learns through her family a new way of thinking, she grows and learns through family influences and family structure, accepting her Italian heritage and family members. Family shows who she is, and by accepting that, Josie is able to live freely to the life she dreamed of, although not in the way she originally expected. Throughout the book, family influences Josephine to reach her goal of emancipation, creating a connected family and a liberated perspective on life.

Images of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals :: Essays Papers

Images of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals It all makes good sense so long as animals exist. Humans are not so different from nonhuman animals, yet through a vast array of often mutually supporting structures of domination – from food to fashion and psychology to war, â€Å"the suffering that we inflict on nonhuman beings can be extreme, and the numbers involved are gigantic†[1]. From this, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) branches out. A next step, a necessary path, a biological outgrowth or a wandering extension of a moral â€Å"circle† of consideration of nonhuman animals. The slogan: â€Å"Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on or use for entertainment†[2]. But more than a slogan to march to, the pithy philosophy also guides, unifies, and activates the media presence that makes up the fundamental faces of PETA. PETA is also other than a cadre for animal revolution, â€Å"we are complete press sluts†[3]. For animals, the revolution will be televised vigo rously. Whereas this struggle might be understood as the instrumental use of media to effect an outside end for real world concerns (more TV makes less animals die), how PETA’s images have worked can be understood on an alternate screen of anti-aliased renders and widescreen projection. A programming of simulation, nature, and animal. PETA’s internet enabled zoo of images, photos for every block of words and text for every block of pixels, both addresses and symbiotically supports the habitat and survival of the animals they hope to strategically aid. For, while ‘the cause’ would be served as well by the sudden disappearance of animal cruelty, what is advocated is precisely inclusive and referential of itself. These animals, whose kind is to be saved, live inside of html formatted rectangles in Photoshop blended subtlety and complexity. It all makes sense so long as animals exist, and the premise is hard to deny. Animals have been, as PETA is no doubt aware, consistently and progressively devastated, impacted, displaced, conquered, enslaved, caught, captured, killed, boxed in and eliminated. The activist may tell you that this process is by no means inevitable or necessary and must be ended now. But the images sear a different mark: animals, as we once knew them, may have already passed through their disappearance, ascension, and resurrection. Bruce Friedrich, PETA’s director of vegan outreach, has said of meat eating, â€Å"feeding plants to animals then eating the animals is like filtering water through a sewer then drinking it†[4].

Sibling Incest

J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 DOI 10. 1007/s10896-009-9251-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Sibling Incest: A Model for Group Practice with Adult Female Victims of Brother–Sister Incest Kacie M. Thompson Published online: 5 June 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Working with groups of people who have been sexually abused introduces mutual experiential themes into the process that can be beneficial and meaningful. This paper discusses brother–sister incestuous sexual abuse with implications for group work. Literature and research is reviewed concerning sexual abuse, incest, family relationships, and theories that aid in explaining incest. Themes covered include: effects of incest, coping methods, blaming, and family of the victim. Common themes are explored and implications for group work are suggested on the basis of length, detail, structure, content, and pre-group contact. Keywords Sibling incest . Group practice . Group therapy Sibling incest is widely believed by researchers and clinicians to the most common type of incest (Carlson et al. 006). Historically, the issue of father–daughter incest has been most often referred to when speaking of incest as a form of sexual abuse; and the concept of sibling incest has been ignored. Despite the high occurrence of sibling incest and its negative effects, attention to this issue by the family, researchers, and professionals has been lacking (Bass et al. 2006). In fact, violence between siblings is much more prevalent than child abus e by parents (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). The purpose of this discussion is to highlight the experience of victims of sibling incest by shedding light on their feelings, thoughts, and mental and emotional issues that are a result of incestuous abuse. Based on the understanding of the sibling relationship and aspects of sibling incest, a model for group therapy is introduced K. M. Thompson (*) University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA e-mail: [email  protected] com for adult female victims of brother–sister incest. Aspects, such as sibling elationships, effects of brother sister incest, the family, blaming, coping, and theoretical frameworks, are discussed to inform group work with victims. The Sibling Relationship & Incest Siblings share a unique relationship bound by genetics, social class, history, and family connections. The sibling relationship often outlasts many other relationships (Bass et al. 2006). The sibling relationship is unique in longevity and can be one of the most influential relationships in oneâ₠¬â„¢s life. Because of this, the impact siblings have on one another should not be underestimated (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). This unique relationship that siblings share is sometimes the reason why incidences of sibling incest are regarded as â€Å"sexual curiosity†. This view of sexual curiosity is often accepted by family members and the details of that curiosity are not fully understood (McVeigh 2003). Sibling incest is defined as sexual behavior between siblings that is not age appropriate, not transitory, and not motivated by developmentally appropriate curiosity. Sexual abuse between siblings is not limited to intercourse. It has been shown that unwanted sexual advances, sexual leers, and forcing a sibling to view pornographic material can have as much of a psychological impact on the victim as actual intercourse (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). There are many forms of sexual abuse, but the negative effect incest poses on the victim and the family cannot be ignored. The sibling relationship and the causes of sibling incest have been addressed in several ways. Some authors such as McVeigh (2003), note the importance of the power dynamic between the brother and sister, as that dynamic is caused by age difference and gender expectations. Haskins (2003) 532 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 states that incest with a younger sibling by an older sibling is motivated largely by urges to satisfy underlying emotional needs for nurture and comfort rather than a need for sexual gratification. The offender’s behavior has sometimes become an outlet to express his unconscious needs. To fully understand the victim and offender’s relationship, family contexts should be examined. Perhaps the victim feels and behaves in similar ways due to the dysfunction in the family environment and the possible need for comfort and acceptance, which will be discussed in relation to family details. Common Experiences: The Effects of Sibling Incest Reactions to incestuous sexual abuse vary from person to person, depending on the severity, duration, and family reaction to the abuse. Victims of sexual abuse experience long-term difficulties including psychological, sexual, and relationship problems (Brand and Alexander 2003). Victims of incest have many feelings, emotions, and issues to deal with in order to cope with the abuse they experienced. Victims of sibling incest exhibit a wide variety of psychological problems. Sexual sibling abuse creates fear, anger, shame, humiliation, and guilt (Kiselica and MorrillRichards 2007). Along with those feelings, victims can also have severe depression and feelings of helplessness (Martens 2007). Sometimes these feelings can lead to suicidal thoughts, and sexual promiscuity; two aspects that are very common in sexually abused women (Rudd and Herzberger 1999). In order to understand the many effects of abuse and the long-term consequences, aspects, such as blaming, coping, and forgiveness, will be addressed under the framework of issues to be addressed during group work with victims of sibling incest. Family of the Victim Family systems theory has been utilized by clinicians to aid in the understanding of sibling abuse. Family systems theory supports the understanding of the sibling relationship within the familial realm by viewing the sibling relationship as just one piece in the family puzzle. The family environment is an interactive, interdependent network in which the behavior of each individual or subsystem modifies the behavior of other individuals or subsystems. This environment is quite intimate, and if the network begins to break down, it often fosters violence. Through this, the family systems outlook shows that sibling abuse and incest cannot be considered an isolated problem but should be seen as a manifestation of family dysfunction (Haskins 2003). The importance of the family should always be examined in cases of sibling incest. Bass et al. (2006) note that each member of the family will hold a unique perspective and position on the issue of incest and sexual abuse; which in turn models how the woman involved in that abuse will react or respond to the abuse and the treatment that may follow. Sibling incest occurs in families with some common characteristics (Phillips-Green 2002). Abusive and incestuous families have high levels of personal, social, and economic stress; substance abuse; and exaggeration of patriarchal norms; and parenting skills are consumed with high levels of frustration, with punitive or harsh childrearing styles (Haskins 2003). Systems theory aids in the understanding that what one person does effects another, which effects another. The family dynamics that housed the sibling abuse can have negative effects on the victim in how she views herself and how she will parent her children based on how she was raised. Whatever the case, sibling incest is painful and damaging, whether the families are relationally connected or distant (Bass et al. 2006). Not only does the family play an important role in examining the bigger picture of the victim’s life, but it also provides insight into the individual and her treatment process. With brother–sister incest, the victim and the perpetrator are both in the family unit, and that unit can be strongly effected by disclosure of abuse. Disclosure can create emotional distress which may lead to the breakdown of the family, disclosure can also cause blaming to occur. It has been shown that blaming is often a large factor in the disclosure process. The parents and teachers often blame the victim for the abuse instead of providing support (McVeigh 2003). The victim has already endured the abuse, the shroud of secrecy, and in the moment she thinks she will begin to overcome this abuse she is often ridiculed and blamed for causing the abuse that was inflicted upon her. Cyr et al. (2002) hypothesize through their research that when blaming from the parents occurs, the mother is placed in a loyalty bind, having to choose between her daughter and her son. Depending on the type of relationship the mother has with each child, the blaming could be greatly influenced. The issue of blaming can be reciprocal, as the victim may then blame herself and her mother. Blaming Just as the victim is often blamed for the abuse she endured, blaming can occur by the use of self-blame or by motherblaming. Blaming the self for events that happened are not only damaging but are often associated with feelings of guilt relative to the abuse (Morrow and Sorell 1989). Women that have experienced brother–sister incest may also feel unsafe, and when she believes that she is the one J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 533 to be held responsible for the wrongdoing, she will turn any feelings of rage and hostility away from the perpetrator or her family and place them on herself (Schlesinger 2006). Self-blame and mother-blaming are common ways to deal with feelings of guilt and anger. Mother blaming is supported by the notion that the mother is in some way responsible for the acts of the victim’s brother. Victims of incest often internalize anger, directing hatred and aggression against themselves. When these feelings become too intense, the victim copes with this by focusing her anger on her mother, which allows the victim to externalize her feelings (Jacobs 1990). Looking at family dynamics as well as the specific relationship the victim has with her mother can be useful in understanding coping methods through blaming. processing for the resolution of the trauma, as well as increase the likelihood for poor day to day adult functioning (Brand and Alexander 2003). With a deeper understanding of coping methods, there may be an enhanced opportunity for educating the individual who exhibits those behaviors, as well as other group members. Group Therapy The use of group therapy can be very effective with a variety of populations, especially those that have experienced incest. Group therapy can provide a unique opportunity for self and interpersonal learning because it allows for members to address effects of interpersonal victimization by identifying with other members who have had similar experiences (Wanlass et al. 2006). Although little is known regarding best practice measures to treat victims of sibling incest, options for treatment have been discussed based on the fact that each victim of sexual abuse will be different in the treatment process (Martens 2007). There are several characteristics of sexual abuse that can affect not only the victim, but the treatment process as well. Aspects such as duration of the abuse and the use of force should be examined. As mentioned earlier, the family dynamic should be looked at as well though the lens of how the victim’s disclosure of abuse was received. The victim will be coping with not only the abuse, but the impacts disclosure may have had on the family and the victim as well. Rudd and Herzberger (1999) note four common characteristics among victims coming to receive treatment: enforced secrecy, interpersonal power differentials, influences on sexual development, and individual aftereffects. These researchers state that abused women often felt that by tolerating the abuse and keeping it a secret was a way to hold the family together. This aspect of secrecy in the incestuous relationship is also connected to power dynamics within the relationship. These characteristics as well as sexual development and individual aftereffects can be examined including other issues discussed earlier. Focusing on building strength and resilience in group therapy has been noted by Wanlass et al. (2006) and Anderson (2006). Both authors contend that working through the abuse during the group process can be seen as â€Å"surviving† the abuse, which is an example of resiliency. The group therapy process can be structured and focused to maximize skills associated with resiliency, leading to improved treatment outcomes (Wanlass et al. 2006). Anderson (2006) discusses a change in perspective of how the victim views herself; from the victim to the survivor; which can aid in the process of forgiveness. The topic of forgiveness may be valuable to group members, depending on where each member is in her process of Coping When considering group therapy with women who have experienced sibling sexual abuse, coping mechanisms should be examined to understand what issues and problems the individuals may have due to their coping skills. The way each individual copes with the abuse can be connected to any diagnosis that they may have been given as a result of the abuse. For example, many victims of trauma, especially sexual related trauma display characteristics of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (Banyard and Williams 1996). In these situations, group members may need to be taught coping strategies to manage traumarelated anxiety (Foa et al. 1999). Paying close attention to the possibility of or presence of a disorder will be very helpful in group work. Coping has been examined in many ways to aid in the process of understanding how individuals respond to trauma and stress. Brand and Alexander (2003) state there are two types of coping strategies: emotionfocused coping, and problem-focused active coping. Becoming more aware of both of these style of coping will greatly influence effectiveness of group work. Emotion focused coping is rooted in the individual trying to regulate their emotions in dealing with the abuse, and problem-focused active coping is when individuals engage in behaviors in an attempt to manage the problem situation. An example of problem-focused coping is when an individual tries to manage her stress from the abuse through an eating disorder behavior. While the group facilitator learns more about the group members, behavior such as these may arise in discussion. Other coping methods that have been identified include the coping strategy of avoidance. Previous studies have stated that avoidance may be an initial way to cope with the stress of sexual abuse, but in the long term sense the avoidance strategy may increase future symptoms and cognitive 534 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 understanding the abuse she experienced. Working on forgiveness with group members may aid in the reduction of feelings that cause depression, fear, and anxiety by channeling those feelings and discussing options for positive coping though forgiveness and resiliency. Theoretical Frameworks Guiding Practice Research and information discussed thus far has roots in theory. These theories could lead to a deeper understanding and an enhanced framework for the discussion of incest as well as aid professionals in group work. Attachment theory, symbolic interaction theory, family systems theory, and feminist theory outline the theoretical framework that guides practice with female victims of incest. As mentioned earlier, much of the discussion of incest has its foundation in family systems theory and the significance of relationships family members have ith one another. Alexander and Anderson (1994) note that the family context associated with the abuse often explains more of the long-term effects than the abuse itself. Attachment theory lends itself to this notion by stating that the parent–child relationship is just as important to the child as eating and sleeping. Based on the child’s â€Å"internal working model† of relationships modeled by the parent–child relationship, that model governs how interpersonal relationships are viewed and experienced (Alexander and Anderson 1994). The goal of incorporating an attachment perspective is one of helping the client increase flexibility of though and views in interpersonal relationships beyond the parent– child relationship. This could be especially useful if there have been negative interactions as well as if blaming is occurring. Symbolic interaction theory aids in the exploration of incest by looking at aspects, such as frequency of abuse, degree of self-blame, and family disruption, in relation to how the victim will manifest her self-concept (Morrow and Sorell 1989). Through this theory, how the individual who experienced the abuse views herself is viewed as a social product constructed and developed by the social interactions around that individual. Once again, family relates to this theory and explanation of factors surrounding incest and sexual abuse, but it also reaches beyond to include other important social interactions, such as friends, classmates, etc. Understanding the social constructs present in the victim’s life can create a better understanding of what needs to be dealt with and recognized for effective group therapy to occur. The feminist framework of incest and the victim is centralized around gender and oppression, and the roles that males and females play in society. As discussed earlier, Anderson (2006) speaks of the importance of changing the viewpoint of â€Å"surviving† abuse to overcoming and resisting the abuse through resiliency. This idea of becoming resilient by resisting oppression is focused in categories found to represent resiliency in the face of oppression: being powerless, being silenced, and being isolated. Not only do all three of these aspects describe how an incest victim feels, but Anderson (2006) also argues that they correlate with oppressive resiliency. Introducing this idea of not being an incest ‘survivor’, but being a resilient person with qualities to be proud of, seems much more empowering, and is a great representation of an example of how feminist theory can be applied to group work with victims of incest. Moving past sentiments of oppressed within one’s feelings as well as within society due to one’s gender can be helpful for the victim, especially within a group setting. People can often find strength in numbers, and if other members are making the same conclusions about their lives and their experiences, positive progression can occur. Kreidler and England (1990) make an important point: â€Å"Because incest isolates victims and encourages feelings of guilt, incrimination, and shame, group experiences allow survivors to build self esteem and develop relationships in a protected environment†. Through this, the group process fosters autonomy and a sense of control in its members. Group Model Group therapy for adult female victims of sibling abuse can be approached in many ways. Group facilitators must be able to assist their clients in making sense of their trauma and work through negative emotions, as well as to teach group members healthy and adaptive coping strategies (Wanlass et al. 2006). The basics of group work will be rooted in helping group members work through their experiences while processing their emotions. Through this, connections will often be made with other members based on the shared experience of brother–sister incest. Focus should not only be on the present, but the victim should be able to make connections to the abuse and how her life has been affected. Victims of sibling incest have lifelong problems in many areas including marriage, work, and parenting (Phillips-Green 2002). Once group members begin to make those connections, the possibility for positive change may increase. Northen and Kurland (2001) emphasize the importance of thorough and thoughtful planning to the success of group work (p. 109). In order to address the topics and concerns discussed throughout this paper, the intake process should be thorough in detail and always take into account the elements of the brother–sister incest, finding out if force was used, how long the incest occurred, etc. The facilitator in charge of creating the group should be involved in the intake of members, as well as choosing the time and place J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 535 where the group will meet. The length of the group sessions should be considered. Group therapy can be short term or long term, depending on the desired goals of the facilitator and the needs of group members. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) propose a short term group that is centered within re-educating victims about the dynamics of incest. Victims are often unaware of the widespread incidence of sibling incest experiences, and may feel much less alone in their feelings and issues as a result of the abuse. These authors note the sense of empowerment that women feel by telling their story to others who share similar experiences, as vocalizing the abuse sets it â€Å"free† and places it in the open, as well as helps the woman to continually break feelings of secrecy. There can be advantages and disadvantages to short-term and long-term group models. Short-term groups are more effective for creating connections between victims around a shared experience, but due to the severity and seriousness of sibling incest, the author proposes a long-term group specifically for women who have experienced brother– sister incest. Long-term groups offer more of an opportunity to address issues such as sexuality, sexual dysfunction, and other issues such as secrecy, isolation, and suicidal thoughts that victims often carry with them throughout their lives. This long-term group is a 12-week format, with meetings once per week at two hours per session. Depending on the size of the group and the characteristics of members, private individual sessions outside group meetings may also be arranged. Size can vary, but should be limited to 10 women. Northen and Kurland (2001) make the point that the smaller the group, the more demand on members to be fully involved in the group, and then there is more demand for intimacy of relationships (p. 136). Sparks and Goldberg (1994) mention the importance of realizing that many survivors will be suspicious of anyone in the counselor/professional role because they many have felt they experienced further violation and betrayal from any previous treatment. To begin to look at this, it may be helpful to ask women during intake if they have gone to any treatment previously, as well as how they felt about it. The facilitator should be aware of this prior to the first meeting. The facilitator also needs to make group members aware of the time commitment during the intake process, making sure they know that missing sessions is not encouraged. A possible therapy method that can be incorporated in group work is the use of Cognitive Processing Therapy for Sexual Abuse (CPT-SA). This treatment is an adaptation by Chard et al. 1997) of Cognitive Processing Therapy for rape victims and is intended to extend treatments for childhood sexual abuse by addressing sexual abuse responses and aspects of the abuse (Chard 2005). This 17week therapy method combines the use of individual and group therapy to maximize positive results by utilizing the benefits of group work as well as giving group members individual attention throughout the group process. Alt hough this method is not discussed at length in this paper, it may be useful to examine facets of CPT-SA for possible incorporation in group work with incest victims. The goals, strategies, and topics included in treatment will vary from therapist to therapist; and the goals and topics included in therapy typically reflect the therapists’ own assumptions of the impact of child sexual abuse (Beutler et al. 1994). This author suggests topics that should be addressed in the group are: emotions and feelings, sexuality, family history, effects of disclosure, power/feeling of powerlessness, secrecy, relationship with the offender, relationship with family members, current coping skills, and options for positive change for the future. These can be modified week to week. There really is no way to run a group in a step-bystep manner, as the group process is unique in itself as it takes shape and changes course all on its own. Topics can be presented to the group if there seems to be a lack of conversation or comfort with one another, but once the group members get to know one another topics and discussions will take shape and find their way into discussions even if there isn’t a definite â€Å"plan† for the group that day. For the use of an example, a basic proposed model for group may include: Week 1: Learning about each other What brings you here? Tell us about yourself. How do you feel about being here? Activities may be used to â€Å"break the ice†, writing exercises, etc. Week 2 & 3: The Family and Disclosure What is your relationship with your family like? Discuss dynamics of the family. What happened when you told about your abuse? Blaming may be discussed here. Week 4 & 5: Relationship with your brother Relationship changes, start and end of abuse, where the perpetrator is, how that makes you feel. Week 6 & 7: Depression, guilt, anger, sexual promiscuity. What are you dealing with now? How has the abuse effected you long term? How have you changed? Week 8 & 9: Coping strategies, positive outlets, self esteem, strength, resilience Week 10, 11, & 12: Reflection and growth, closure and celebration The topics included in this example will likely blend and flow from week to week, and should not serve as a rigid foundation for group. Through these suggestions, the facilitator can help the abused woman feel that her sense of victimization is valid, she can help the victim remove 536 J Fam Viol (2009) 24:531–537 self blame, and identify change patterns of self-abuse and self-degradation to promote growth and a higher selfesteem (Kiselica and Morrill-Richards 2007). Given the unique relationship that siblings share, this relationship may become a backdrop to the group process, as well as the family relationships that connect within the sibling subgroup. It is likely that these relationships will go through an on-going assessment and re-definition as group members discover more about themselves in regard to their behaviors, feelings, and relationships with others. Although topics outlined in the example could be introduced to the group for discussion, most of these topics will likely come up due to the nature of the experience and the common aspects that are seen frequently in sibling abused women. The author suggests that the group should be allowed to take their session in the direction they want it to go. To exemplify the power of each group member’s story, it is proposed that letting the group decide what they would like to discuss proves most effective. Sparks and Goldberg (1994) state that the group becomes a forum for humor and creativity as members take advantage of the unique opportunity to express what can not be expressed until someone who can appreciate it is willing to hear it. This creativity of the members should not be underestimated, and every moment of that process should be an empowering reminder for the group members. Most of the literature argues that the group facilitator(s) should be female. The possibility for a co-facilitator should be considered, depending on the size of the group. If the group is small, only one facilitator is needed. The facilitator (s) should have some knowledge and/or experience in crisis and group work. Age should also be taken into consideration. Group members should be 18 years of age and older, as this group is restricted to adult female victims. Commonality and shared experience are extremely important to the success of this group process, and grouping members based on age range will be helpful for members to relate to each other on more levels than one. During the intake process, the facilitator should attempt to arrange the groups based on what they conclude to be the most effective combination of members based on what was discussed with members prior to the initial meeting. The option for diversity should not be ignored, but O’Hare and Taylor (1983) make the important point that the group composition should always be considered in relation to making sure one person in the group does not stand out; for example, one African American woman, one lesbian woman, etc. Once again, thoughtful design of the group cannot be ignored. Group closure may include a celebration of connections and alliances made within the group. The format of closure and celebration should largely be decided by group members. Conclusion Group work with victims of sibling incest can be complex and challenging. It is clear that many factors influence the victim’s life other than the actual abuse. Family dynamics and overall relationships at the time of the abuse and disclosure prove to be extremely important in determining the entire picture of the victim. Once the facilitator becomes more educated about the details of incest and what to expect from group members, she will be able to design the group in the most effective manner. With the help of shared experience and shared knowledge, group members will find connections with one another that will maximize their growth and value of the group therapy experience. References Alexander, P. C. , & Anderson, C. L. (1994). An attachment approach to psychotherapy with the incest survivor. 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